Linear and nonlinear mechanical responses of cell monolayers under crowding

Abstract Epithelial monolayers play an important role in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes, such as embryonic development wound healing. become crowded during cell proliferation growth, however, their mechanical properties entities remain obscure. This paper presents novel efficient method utilizing the structural stiffness matrix-based computational (SMM) to investigate characteristics epithelial monolayer it undergoes varying degrees crowding. Both D1-type extrusion, representing extrusion live cells, D2-type describing apoptotic are examined. Our simulations reveal that exhibits linear elastic behavior under slight crowding nonlinear response overcrowding. These significantly influenced by strength cellular cytoskeleton mode extrusion. Moreover, our analysis indicates deformation these is predominantly born variation orientation, while originates from existence microtubules. study further deepens understanding relationship between cytoskeleton, individual cells monolayers, may shed light on linking patterning morphogenesis tissues.